Primary Sources
Czecholslovak Description of "Vltava-89" Exercise
Description
Czechoslovak Defense Minister Milan Vaclavik wrote this report on the "Vltava-89" military training exercise conducted by Warsaw Pact forces in May 1989. The Warsaw Pact was the Eastern Bloc regional security organization founded in 1955 as a challenger to the US-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The NATO-Warsaw Pact rivalry symbolized the heights of aggression between the United States and the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, some Soviet leaders began to question the necessity of the USSR spearheading (and bankrolling) this massive military force. In 1987 Gorbachev initiated a change in international military strategy from an offensive to a defensive orientation. He introduced major cuts in conventional and nuclear forces and raised the possibility of the East European member nations gaining more autonomy and input in the organization. The Vltava exercise demonstrates how the new policy was implemented on the ground. Practical difficulties arose when refashioning combat strategy to fit in with the new goals; the report mentions participants' difficulties in revising the timetable for retaliation to a NATO attack and their lack of recent experience in deploying nuclear weapons.
Source
Milan Vaclavik, "Document No. 143: Czechoslovak Description of "Vltava-89" Excercise," May 23 1989, trans. Malcolm Byrne, Cold War International History Project, Documents and Papers, CWIHP (accessed May 14, 2008).
Primary Source—Excerpt
In connection with the plan for joint measures to prepare the Unified Armed Forces in the 1988-1989 training year, from May 22-26, 1989, a joint frontal command- staff exercise of the Czechoslovak People's Army and the Central Group of Forces "Vltava-89" was carried out. Its theme was "The preparation of a defensive operation with the front of the coalition. Driving back aggression by the adversary in the face of incomplete mobilization and deployment of forces. Conduct of combat operations to keep [control of] the tactical defense zone, and execution of a counter- strike by the front."
The exercise was based on the requirements of the military doctrine of the member- states of the Warsaw Pact as a defensive doctrine, on the decisions of the meeting of the Political Consultative Council and of the sessions of the Committee of Defense Ministers and the Military Council of the Unified Armed Forces. What was new in the exercise was [...] that the Czechoslovak People's Army and the Central Group of Forces were integrated within a new organizational [...] structure.
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At the first stage, the participants noted difficulties in organizing and supplying the counter-engagement operations, especially those by the air forces, and those of the illumination support on the battlefield. The exercise confirmed our lagging behind the NATO armies in terms of air force equipment with means enabling combat operations at night, and also showed that such equipment in other branches of the armed forces required further perfection.
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The experience of "Vltava-89" revealed the difficulties the participants in the exercise had in choosing the time period for carrying out counter-engagements in conformity with the principles of our defensive military doctrine.
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At the second stage, in the course of 2 days and 4 hours (after an operational leap to D-7), the participants practiced the destruction of enemy forces that had penetrated into [our] defenses with the use of nuclear weapons. They made decisions on the restoration of the fighting capabilities of the troops, the development of combat operations, and the elimination of the effects of nuclear strikes by the enemy.
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The shift to nuclear weapons by both sides at the second stage of the exercise allowed the commanders and staff to resurrect somewhat lost practical skills in solving tasks [related to] directing the delivery of nuclear strikes and restoring the fighting capacity of the troops.